Mucus in urine is a thick and slimy substance that coats and moistens some body parts including the urinary tract. It doesn't always mean there's a problem, but it can be a sign of kidney disease, a UTI, prostate problems, or a tumor. URINE COLLECTION • Urine is usually collected in a sterile wide mouthed container. It can help find problems that need treatment, including infections or kidney problems. You might have blood in your urine. Normal characteristics of urine. 4.6-8.0, average of 6.0 Normal, healthy, well-hydrated. (3) Uric acid. The human body, which contains about 1013 cells, routinely harbors about 1014 bacteria (Fig. The pH of normal urine is generally in the range 4.6 - 8, with a typical average being around 6.0. Normal recently voided urine has a pH between 5.0 and 8.0 and a specific gravity between 1.010 and 1.025. 1.005 : The presence of a white precipitate in freshly voided urine can be caused by: amorphous phosphates in alkaline urine : The addition of dilute acetic acid to a cloudy urine specimen . 1. Urine Color Urine volume varies considerably. What is the normal range of urine pH? Transparent yellow. Specific gravity—the normal range is 1.010 to 1.025; this is a measure of the dissolved materials in urine. Metabolic and renal . Pale straw color. Normal, mature RBCs are biconcave, disc-shaped, anuclear cells measuring approximately 7-8 microns in diameter on a peripheral blood smear with an internal volume of 80-100 femtoliters (fL). The composition of urine tends to mirror the water needs of the organism. 6. The normal range is one to two liters per day. The virtual absence of urine production is termed anuria. 0.9*60*24 = 1296 mL/day urine. What is the range for the volume of urine normally excreted in a 24-hour period? Your urine specific gravity is generally considered normal in the ranges of 1.005 to 1.030. urine, liquid or semisolid solution of metabolic wastes and certain other, often toxic, substances that the excretory organs withdraw from the circulatory fluids and expel from the body. After noting physical parameters, pH is noted to nearest 0.1 pH points. As for the smell, healthy urine is odorless and smells as of you normal outing. To learn more about urine tests, review the lesson called Urine Test Types: pH, Ketones, Proteins and Cells. Urethra. Assuming normal conditions, note whether each of the following substances would be (a) in greater relative concentration in the urine than in the glomerular filtrate, (b) in lesser concentration in the urine than in the . Composition. The presence of significant levels of protein or sugar in urine indicates potential health . A 24-hour specimen would reveal an optimum pH of about 6.0. The extracellular fluid has a normal osmolarity of 300mOsm/L. Learn faster with spaced repetition. 1.0 - 1.8 liters 2. Normal, but suggestive of mild . (b) Immediately after the donor provides a urine specimen, including specimens of . Also Read: Excretory Products and their Elimination. The specific gravity of urine depends upon the amount of solutes present. Things to do in case of different color or smell of Urine. Serum creatinine level for men with normal kidney function is approximately 0.6 to 1.2mg/dL and between 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women. It the different outlook comes just for a day or for one instance, then it's relatively harmless and there's nothing to worry about. Creatine levels above the normal range correlate with a reduction of GFR and indicate renal dysfunction. If the temperature of a urine specimen is outside the range of 90 °F to 100 °F (32 °C to 38 °C), that is a reason to believe the donor may have altered or substituted the specimen. The normal range is one to two liters per day ( (Figure) ). Dark yellow urine is often indicative of hydration Yellow ,orange colour is due to the removal of b vitamin Orange urine is also form at certain medication such as rifamine brown urine can be a symptoms of jaundice,rhabdomylosis or gilberts syndrome Pinkish urine can result from the consumption of beet. Much of the variation occurs due to diet. Urinary Physical Characteristics. Urine analysis showing normal RBCs x 400 The presence of RBC is an indicator of renal disease. Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was first described as a rapid onset of Menkes' neurodegenerative disease in 1954. for most people, but any value within the 4.5-8.0 range is generally not a cause for concern. Urine colors can vary depending on what you eat, any medications you're taking, and how much water you drink. Urgency to urinate and painful urination 5. Review Sheet: Exercise 41 Urinalysis Name Lab Time/Date Characteristics of Urine 1. color is due to urochrome (pigment produced from breakdown of bile) Concentrated urine is darker. View Full Document Report It occurs when there is too much catabolism of fat such as in starvation, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy etc. For example, high protein diets result in more acidic urine, but vegetarian diets generally result in more alkaline urine (both within the typical range of 4.6 - 8). 3. Total solids in urine add up to around 59 grams per person. volume 1-2 liters in 24 hrs but varies considerably color yellow or amber but varies with concentration of diet. of solids are the average normal for the day. Marine animals tend to combat water loss to their salty environment by excreting . Unformatted text preview: Review Sheet: Exercise 41 Urinalysis Name Rachel Penner Characteristics of Urine 1.What is the range for the volume of urine normally excreted in a 24-hour period? The kidneys must produce a minimum urine volume of about 500 mL/day to rid the body of wastes. 1. Urine Normal Values Urine normal values are: Urine substances to be checked Normal values Collection timings Significance Physical characteristics pH 4.7 to 7.7 Average = acidic 6.0 A random and fresh sample Urine pH never reaches 9 In the c There is no abnormal range as such, since the urine can normally vary from acid to alka-line. The specific gravity of distilled water is 1.000, mean-ing that there are no solutes present. The normal range is one to two liters per day. Pigments in Blood to Urine and Feces . (6) Sodium. Micturition is also termed as the voiding phase to expel the stored urine. The inability of uric acid to crystallize at urine pH > 7.0 is the rationale for urinary alkalinization in patients at risk for acute uric acid nephropathy. [1] It is a defect of metabolism due to abnormal activity of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) complex. Assuming normal conditions, note whether each of the following substances would be (a) in greater relative concentration in the urine than in the glomerular filtrate, (b) in lesser . The kidneys play an important role in controlling blood levels of Ca 2+ by regulating the synthesis of vitamin D. B: This is a function of the Urinary System. Beets, berries and fava beans are among the foods most likely to affect the color. Clinical Implications: Urine is normally slightly acid (4.5 - 7.2 normal range). Freshwater animals usually excrete very dilute urine. The time from urination to temperature measurement may not exceed 4 minutes. The virtual absence of urine production is termed anuria. Changes in urine habits can indicate health problems such . Study Urine (Biochimie) flashcards from Angela Cyr's Universite de Moncton class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. b. A lack of exposure to normal flora is thought to cause some characteristics in germ-free animals, including vitamin deficiencies, particularly vitamin K, and vitamin B12, an increased susceptibility for infectious disease, a weak immune system, and a lack of natural antibodies or natural immunity to bacterial infections. 4. Pigments and other compounds in certain foods and medications can change your urine color. RBCs swell and lyse rapidly in the diluted urine, releasing their hemoglobin and leaving only the cell membrane; these empty cells are called ghost cells. 50 gm. • It is formed in the kidney. Normally, urine can be acidified to a pH value of 5.2 or less. The kidneys must produce a minimum urine volume of about 500 mL/day to rid the body of wastes. Live. Orange: When your pee is the color . INTRODUCTION • Urine is an excretory product of the body. The term used to describe RBCs of normal size is "normocytic." (4) Ketone bodies. A: This is a function of the Urinary System. If alkaline, it can be indicative of infection. Uric acid crystals invariably form in acidic urine, typically with a urine pH < 5.5. The normal range is one to two liters per day. Normal volume is 2-6 ml per ejaculation. For this reason, it is important for the physician to cor-relate the urine pH with other information to determine whether there is a problem. Around 6,000 years ago, laboratory medicine began with the analysis of human urine as uroscopy, which later became termed urinalysis. Urine analysis Urine Microscopic Examination Sample for urine analysis Freshly voided urine is the best sample. 3. Specific Gravity. Viscosity is noted while transferring to test tube. Normal urine can be negative for protein or contain a trace of protein. The pH of urine is normally around 6.2 with a range of 5.5-7.0. If you drink a lot of water, 1.001 may be normal. What is the normal pH of urine? 6.0 Why would someone have a low urine pH? As we discovered last week, creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism and an indicator of renal function as it is filtered through the glomerulus. 2. (2) Creatinine. (7) Chloride. The normal microbial flora is relatively stable, with specific genera populating various body . However, you have to be wary of the amount of mucus gets out of control as it could be indicative of urinary tract infection or other underlying medical conditions. Note compounds you ordinarily do not find in human urine in appreciable amounts, at least compared with blood plasma, include protein and glucose (typical normal range 0.03 g/l to 0.20 g/l). The specific gravity of urine in 24 hours lies between 1.003 and 1.030 and varies according to concentration of solutes in the urine. If you avoid drinking fluids, levels higher than 1.030 . The factors which modify urinary volume are water intake, exercise, climate, diet and physical state. An abnormal increase in the level of urinary ketone bodies is termed ketonuria. odor aromatic but becomes ammonia like upon standing, urine of diabetics has a sweet odor due to the presence of ketone bodies pH Therefore, the higher the specific gravity number, the more dis-solved material is present. The elderly has more cat content and less muscle mass. a) This is normal range b) Your urine is more concentrated c) Your urine is less concentrated d) None of above Correct answer - B Q.14. solids in the urine and is therefore extremely variable since it is dependent on the concentration of the urine which is being produced. Normal urine is composed of about 95 percent water and 5 percent solutes. -clear, pale to deep yellow (due to urochrome) -concentrated urine has a deeper yellow/amber color. In normal human being, about 3-15 mg of ketone bodies may be excreted in the urine every day. The best volume for the centrifuge is 10 to 12 mL. Single measurements of S.G. are, therefore, com paratively meaningless and it is only when there is a consistent deviation from the normal range (1.010-1.025)that underlying pathology should be considered. Nausea and vomiting 4. Examine abnormal characteristics . This course is an excellent review of urine microscopic procedures for clinical laboratory scientists and MLS / MLT students. (5) Potassium. Normal pH is alkaline in the range 7.2 . MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE URINE: CRYSTALS ©University of Cincinnati MLS Program 3 Uric Acid Crystals • Rhombic, 4-sided shapes, rosettes,… • Found in acidic urine with pH < ~5.7 • Usually yellow-brown • Birefringent • Associated with increased purine metabolism Uric acid, whetstone shape X160 Uric acid crystals, urine sediment . If the sample leaves pipette in clear drops then the viscosity is normal. A urinalysis is a simple test that looks at a small sample of your urine. 1. A diverse microbial flora is associated with the skin and mucous membranes of every human being from shortly after birth until death. The kidneys must produce a minimum urine volume of about 500 mL/day to rid the body of wastes. Five standard urine tests can be used to examine the different components of urine. 2. Normal glucose range in urine: 0 to 0.8 mmol/l (0 to 15 mg/dL) The examples above are common measurements for results of these tests. Reference values for normal urinalysis (It is important to check with your agency's laboratory for normal reference values.). The normal range of CrCl is 110 to 150mL/min in males and 100 to 130mL/min in females. To find out more, the urine needs to be tested using a test strip or in a lab. A minimum of 400 to 500 mL urine must be produced daily to rid the body of wastes. When red blood cells die, they are filtered out of the blood by the spleen and liver and the iron-containing heme molecule is degraded into biliverdin and then bilirubin. Drinking lots of cranberry juice 3. Output below this level may be caused by severe dehydration or renal disease and is termed oliguria. Excessive quantities of urine may indicate diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus. 2. Diabetes can alter the density of urine, so urine density can be used as a d… 01:02 Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by __… These are reported in a routine as the average number seen in 10 HPF (x400). When the kidneys produce a urine more concentrated than 300mOsm/L they are excreting more solutes compared to water than exists in the ECF, which acts to dilute the ECF and thus lower its osmolarity. Urine volume is less in summer or in warm climates. The color, odor, density, and frequency of your urine can tell you a lot about your health, as can the presence of proteins and ketones. 110*.008 = 0.9 mL urine /min. Normal urine pH fluctuates from 4.6 to 8, which leaves plenty of room for your kidneys to offload acidic or alkaline components as needed, adds Alec Saitman, PhD, technical director of the core laboratory at Providence Regional Laboratories in Portland, Oregon. Characteristic Urine output (mL/hr) Normal Findings/Range Colour straw, amber transparent Odour faint aromatic Specific gravity 1.010 - 1.025 pH 4.5 - 8 Ketones not present Glucose not present Blood not present Leukocytes 0-5 Protein 1,200 - 1,500 mL 0 - 14 mg/dL. If the urine is reddish in color, there might be blood in it. The GFR of an healthy adult should be a) 125ml/hr b) 125ml/min c) 125ml/sec d) 125dl/sec Correct answer - B Q.15. Darker Is urine darker or lighter when it is more concentrated? Supporting Physiologic Health Patterns: Elimination Urinary Elimination Normal Characteristics of Urine: Color: Amber-Straw Odor: Aromatic-upon voiding Transparency: Clear PH: Slightly Acidic (Range: 4.6-8, average:6) Specific Gravity: 1.010-1.025 Problems in Urinary Elimination I. Altered Urine Composition A. Urinary Tract Infection: RBC (hematuria) WBC, Pus (pyuria) Bacteria (bacteriuria . The primary pigment responsible for normal urine color is: urochrome : Which of the following specific gravity readings correlates with a pale yellow urine? Characteristics of Normal and Abnormal Urine Heather Nelson, RN Urine Amount Normal: 1200-1500 ml Abnormal: Under 1200 ml Decreased fluid intake Kidney failure Abnormal: Over 1500 ml Diabetes Diuretics Increased fluid intake Urine Color Normal: Straw, amber, or transparent Urine Color Abnormal: Dark amber Insufficient fluid intake resulting in concentrated urine Cloudy Infectious process Dark . Trusted Source. Advertisement. 2. A high salt diet will alter this sodium balance, causing the kidneys to have reduced function and remove less water resulting in higher blood pressure. Normal urine, when tested with a reagent strip, is negative for glucose, ketone, bilirubin, bacteria (nitrite), leukocyte esterase, and blood. The student will learn to distinguish significant findings from normal findings or artifacts and review the biochemical results that correlate with specific sediment constituents. Output below this level may be caused by severe dehydration or renal disease and is termed oliguria. It can also help find serious diseases in the early stages, like kidney disease, diabetes, or liver disease. Presence of blood in the urine leading to changes in urine color - brownish, pinkish, to reddish 3. It is the GFR times the fraction of the filtrate that is not reabsorbed (0.8 percent). It may have no particular smell, or a slight aroma that may alter as a result of disease, concentration or time stored in the bladder. CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE a. The kidneys must produce a minimum urine volume of about 500 mL/day to rid the body of wastes. If it leaves with a thread of more than 2 cms, it is high viscosity. This complex is responsible for the breakdown of branched-chain amino acids: Learn faster with spaced repetition. Normal solutes found in urine include: (1) Urea. Click card to see definition . The word "uroscopy" derives from two Greek words: "ouron," which means urine and "skopeoa," which means to 'behold, contemplate, examine, inspect'. This bacterial population constitutes the normal microbial flora . Normal Red Blood Cell (RBC) Characteristics. In the normal adult, 600 to 2500 ml of urine formed daily. Person could have high dairy products, vegetables. Output below this level may be caused by severe dehydration or renal disease and is termed oliguria. The figures in the second and third decimal places, multiplied by 2.66 (Long's coefficient) give roughly the total solids in the urine in gm./L. Freshly voided urine is also clear rather than cloudy. The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body for disposal. Cloudy and foul-smelling urine 2. Flank pain Conversely, when the kidneys produce a urine less concentrated than 300mOsm/L they are excreting fewer solutes compared to water than . You have a lot of red blood cells, but each cell has a relatively short lifespan of about 120 days. identify each of the abnormalities described below by inserting a term from the key bel that names the condition. A high dietary protein and alcohol intake leads to increased pH, while vegetables and fruit . Failure to do so in the face of systemic acidosis may indicate partial or complete renal tubular acidosis. -red or red-brown (abnormal) color could be from food dye, eating fresh beets, a drug, or presence of either . Factors that will interfere with the urine analysis: There are certain foods Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. The pH . Uric acid is soluble in alkaline urine, preventing the precipitation of urate crystals. The filtrate not recovered by the kidney is the urine that will be eliminated. Athletes are often advised to consume water until their urine is clear. The pH range of urine is 4.5 to 8.0, and is affected by diet. This is caused by the decrease in muscle mass in adults over the age of 40. Normal human urine is a light yellow fluid majorly consisting of 95 per cent water and 5 per cent solid wastes. Output below this level may be caused by severe dehydration or renal disease and is termed oliguria. Colorless urine may indicate over-hydration. Microbes, pus, epithelial cells, crystals What 4 things can cause cloudiness in fresh urine? Ancient physicians spoke of urine as a window to the body's inner workings and reflected different diseases. On average, a normal adult excretes 1 to 1.5 L of urine per day. Excessive urine production is polyuria.. Glucose is not usually found in urine. Study Urine (Biochimie) flashcards from Angela Cyr's Universite de Moncton class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. 6-1). Many of these colors fall on the spectrum of what "normal" urine can look like . However, the urine pH does change during the day due to dietary influences and water intake. 2. Person could be on a high protein diet. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. If it is, further testing is needed. Most of the adult life creatinine remains the same but as one ages it can decrease as muscle mass decreases. Person can have uncontrolled IDDM Why would someone have a high urine pH? Urinalysis analyzes characteristics of the urine and is used to diagnose diseases. Normal. The more concentrated the urine, the more yellow and darker it becomes (Dougherty and Lister, 2004). While not as dangerous as dehydration, over-hydration can dilute essential salts, such as electrolytes, creating a problematic chemical imbalance in the blood. Normal range is 4.6-8.0, with an average of 6.0; high-protein diets produce Specific Gravity Normal range is 1.001-1.035; low specific gravity represents dilute urine; higher values represent a concentrated urine • Urine examination helps in the diagnosis of various renal as well as systemic diseases. The weight of a kidney is a) 50 gm b) 100 gm c) 150 gm d) 200 gm Correct answer - C Q.16. Ketone bodies as abnormal constituents of urine. Urine has crystals if you notice the following symptoms: 1. However, if the condition prevails, then the best bet is to have an . Dark yellow. normal characteristics of urine: color & transparency. Human Urine. The kidneys secrete a hormone, erythropoietin, which regulates the synthesis of red blood cells in bone marrow. The pH scale goes from 0 to 14, with lower numbers being more acidic . urine may range from 4.6 to 8.0 but averages around 6.0, so it is usually slightly acidic. The virtual absence of urine production is termed anuria. 4.6 to 8.0 What is the average range of urine pH? If delayed, then refrigerate the urine. Figure 1. For example, if you exercise or work outside, and sweat a great deal, your urine will turn darker and produce a slight odor, even if you drink plenty of water. These food-caused odors are harmless. A high salt intake has been shown to increase the amount of protein in the urine which is a major risk factor for the decline of kidney function. Some of the characteristics such as color and odor are rough descriptors of your state of hydration. It is just normal to have a small amount of mucus in urine. The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Coffee, tea and alcohol have a diuretic effect. 7. Tap card to see definition . General characteristics and measurements: Color: pale yellow to dark amber is mainly determined by the concentration of the pigments urochrome, urobilin and uroerythrin. Normal urine color ranges from pale yellow to deep amber — the result of a pigment called urochrome and how diluted or concentrated the urine is. This lesson will help you: Interpret the PH of urine. The urethra is the only urologic organ that shows any significant anatomic difference between males and females; all other urine transport structures are identical. A urinalysis is also called a "urine test." A urine test can include three parts: Visual exam. NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE Dr. Janice D'Sa. 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